Islam Karimov of Uzbekistan

Islam Karimov rules the Central Asian Republic of Uzbekistan with an iron fist. He has ordered soldiers to fire into unarmed crowds of protestors, routinely uses torture on political prisoners, and fixes elections to remain in power. Who is the man behind the atrocities? Early Life Islam Abduganievich Karimov was born on January 30, 1938 in Samarkand. His mother may have been an ethnic Tajik, while his father was Uzbek. Its not known what happened to Karimovs parents, but the boy was raised in a Soviet orphanage. Almost no details of Karimovs childhood have been revealed to the public. Education Islam Karimov went to public schools, then attended the Central Asian Polytechnic College, where he received an engineering degree. He also graduated from the Tashkent Institute of National Economy with an economics degree. He may have met his wife, economist Tatyana Akbarova Karimova, at the Tashkent Institute. They now have two daughters and three grandchildren. Work Following his university graduation in 1960, Karimov went to work at Tashselmash, an agricultural machinery manufacturer. The following year, he moved to the Chkalov Tashkent aviation production complex, where he worked for five years as a lead engineer. Entry into National Politics In 1966, Karimov moved into the government, starting as a chief specialist at the Uzbek SSR State Planning Office. Soon he was promoted to First Deputy Chairman of the planning office. Karimov was appointed Minister of Finance for the Uzbek SSR in 1983Â  and added the titles of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Chairman of the State Planning Office three years later. From this position, he was able to move into the Uzbek Communist Partys upper echelon. Rise to Power Islam Karimov became the First Secretary of the Kashkadarya Province Communist Party Committee in 1986Â  and served for three years at that post. He was then promoted to First Secretary of the Central Committee for all of Uzbekistan. On March 24, 1990, Karimov became President of the Uzbek SSR. Fall of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union crumbled the following year, and Karimov reluctantly declared Uzbekistans independence on August 31, 1991. Four months later, on December 29, 1991, he was elected President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Karimov received 86% of the vote in what outside observers called an unfair election. This would be his only campaign against real opponents; those who ran against him soon fled into exile or disappeared without a trace. Karimovs Control of Independent Uzbekistan In 1995, Karimov held a referendum which approved extending his presidential term through the year 2000. Surprising nobody, he received 91.9% of the vote in the January 9, 2000 presidential race. His opponent, Abdulhasiz Jalalov, openly admitted that he was a sham candidate, only running to provide a facade of fairness. Jalalov also stated that he himself had voted for Karimov. Despite the two-term limit in Uzbekistans Constitution, Karimov won a third presidential term in 2007 with 88.1% of the vote. All three of his opponents began each campaign speech by heaping praise on Karimov. Human Rights Violations Despite huge deposits of natural gas, gold, and uranium, Uzbekistans economy is lagging. A quarter of the citizens live in poverty, and the per capita income is about $1950 per year. Even worse than the economic stress, though, is the governments repression of citizens. Free speech and religious practice are non-existent in Uzbekistan, and torture is systematic and rampant. Political prisoners bodies are returned to their families in sealed coffins; some are said to have been boiled to death in prison. The Andijan Massacre On May 12, 2005, thousands of people gathered for a peaceful and orderly protest in the city of Andijan. They were supporting 23 local businessmen, who were on trial for trumped-up charges of Islamic extremism. Many also had taken to the streets to express their frustration over social and economic conditions in the country. Dozens were rounded up, and taken to the same jail that housed the accused businessmen. Early the next morning, gunmen stormed the jail and released the 23 accused extremists and their supporters. Government troops and tanks secured the airport as the crowd swelled to some 10,000 people. At 6 pm on the 13th, troops in armored vehicles opened fire on the unarmed crowd, which included women and children. Late into the night, the soldiers moved through the city, shooting the injured who lay on the sidewalks. Karimovs government stated that 187 people were killed in the massacre. However, a doctor in the town said that she had seen at least 500 bodies in the morgue, and they were all adult men. The bodies of women and children simply disappeared, dumped into unmarked graves by the troops to cover up their crimes. Opposition members say that about 745 people were either confirmed killed or were missing after the massacre. Protest leaders also were arrested during the weeks following the incident, and many have not been seen again. In reaction to a 1999 bus hijacking, Islam Karimov had stated: Im prepared to rip off the heads of 200 people, to sacrifice their lives, in order to save peace and calm in the republic... If my child chose such a path, I myself would rip off his head. Six years later, in Andijan, Karimov made good his threat, and more.

What was the role of God in the writings of Descartes and...

What is the role of God in the writings of Descartes and Pascal? Both the idea of God and the existence of God play a major role in the writings of Descartes and Pascal. Both certainly appear to believe in him though they argue the case for his existence very differently and they also give Him a very different sort of role in their works. Whilst Descartes claims that he is certain of the existence of God, using a large part of his Discours de la mà ©thode pour bien conduire la raison, et chercher la verità © dans les sciences to prove the supreme being’s existence, Pascal’s approach to philosophy cannot allow anything to be certain. He instead asserts that he knows God and that, through the use of his famous Wager, it is better for anyone†¦show more content†¦Descartes’ second supposed proof for God’s existence also appears to be flawed, according to many of his contemporaries and later, Kant. Descartes likens the property of a triangle that stipulates that the sum of its angles must be 180 degrees to the sup posed property of God that he must exist. This is not so according to Kant who remarks that existing is not a property in the real world so therefore for God to exist in the real world, the world must also exist, a certainty that Descartes dismisses. He is therefore contradicting himself. Descartes’ attempts to prove the existence of God are arguably very flawed and they are more so in a modern, post-Darwin era where the watchmaker analogy has generally been reversed in its use. What is interesting though is Descartes’ position on God in Part V of Discours sur la mà ©thode. He suggests that in another, imaginary world, God would not need to exist and this imaginary world could be exactly the same as ours with its creation and continuation being dictated by laws of nature born of chaos rather than the influence of a Supreme Being. It would appear then as though Descartes’ view on God is that he is not necessary but he is certain, based on his adherence to the Bible, Genesis in particular, and his own reasoning. Undisputed belief in the Scripture and its ability to provide knowledge of Gods is one similarity that can be drawn between the twoShow MoreRelatedDescartes, Hobbes, and Pascal Essay examples1033 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes, Hobbes, and Pascal During the 17th and 18th century, religion, religious beliefs and most of all the religious leaders played a very influential role in the direction of politics. This was also a time when religion and politics played a large role in the direction of what was accepted as a result of the new discoveries in the natural sciences and in a time when there were some very influential writers, philosophers, scientists and mathematicians. At the time, these people wereRead More Blaise Pascal Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesBlaise Pascal We arrive at truth, not by reason only, but also by the heart(1) said Blaise Pascal, one of the greatest minds of the 17th Century. The 17th Century was the time of the scientific revolution. During this period the main idea for everyone, was to question everything not to just listen to what is told. This caused a transformation in thought in both religious and scientific areas. Science allowed the questioning of the teachings of the old church. Scientists battled with ideas inRead MoreModern vs. Pre-modern Essay example1064 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference between the modern and the pre-modern, and that would be to separate them by years. Unfortunately this would not be cut and dried; it would be a rough estimate because no one really knows when the change took place, or if there even was a change. What is known for sure is that things did change. The â€Å"â€Å"moderns† (became) set against â€Å"ancient† modes of thought and practice† (Shapin, p. 5), and t his led to a so-called scientific revolution. In science the old ways of the pre-modern world wereRead Moreexistentialism Essay3317 Words   |  14 Pagesand the feeling of rejection and rootlessness that Euro- peans felt during World War II and its aftermath. Existentialism’s focus on each person’s role in cre- ating meaning in their life was a major influence on the Phenomenological and Humanistic traditions in psychology and on the â€Å"human potential† move- ment that emerged from them. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) said, â€Å"Conquer your- self rather than the world.†. To modern existential- ists this means that the World itself has no real meaning orRead MoreBranches of Philosophy8343 Words   |  34 Pagesoriginally developed in Ancient Greece. Beginning in the late 19th century, mathematicians such as Frege focused on a mathematical treatment of logic, and today the subject of logic has two broad divisions: mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and what is now called philosophical logic. †¢ Philosophy of mind deals with the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body, and is typified by disputes between dualism and materialism. In recent years there have been increasing similarities, betweenRead MoreCompilation of Mathematicians and Their Contributions11615 Words   |  47 Pagesreasoning applied to geometry. * Discovery that a circle is  bisected  by its diameter, that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal and that  vertical angles  are equal. * Accredited with foundation of the Ionian school of Mathematics that was a centre of learning and research. * Thales theorems used in Geometry: 1. The pairs of opposite angles formed by two intersecting lines are equal. 2. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. 3. The sum of the angles in a triangleRead MoreExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pages------------------------------------------------- Essentialism vs. Existentialism Essentialism: A belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, amp; that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery amp; expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence While, Existentialism:A philosophical theory or approach, that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free amp; responsible

Interview about Personality Free Essays

I have conducted an interview with regards to someone’s personality. This paper intends to compare the interviewee’s answers to that of mine. It also aims to ask questions that are related to cognition, effects of culture on emotions, effects of gender on emotions, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, personality, as well as, problem solving. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview about Personality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Allow me to first post the question, my friend’s response, and the last one to be placed is mine. 1) Question: Do you remember information more accurately if you observe the behavior? Or do you prefer to read how the behavior is performed? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I am more likely to remember if I have personally observed what happened† (White, 2008). â€Å"I cannot really explain it but I can better remember things that I have seen than if I only read it† (White, 2008). My Response: I am not very sure how to weigh it. My memory is extremely sharp that I can remember very well an occurrence that I have observed, as well as, a behavior that I have merely read. 2) Question: Do you prefer to study in the library? Or at home where it is noisy and distractions are present? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I prefer to study in places where I can concentrate a lot better, so yes, I prefer the library† (White, 2008). â€Å"I never really study at home because it is too noisy: first of all, there’s my brother who never seems to know how to tone down the volume of his computer’s speakers, television, or stereo; second, my younger sister and brother who always seem to be in an argument; and last but not least, my mom and dad who always discusses about several issues that interest them† (White, 2008). My Response: I prefer to stay at home. Although, there may be distractions at home, like the television, the radio, or the computers, and my family, I still prefer to study at home. I do not like it when it is too quite. For instance, in the library, not hearing anything at all, makes me go crazy, I will probably even fall asleep in there. I just feel so much better studying at home. 3) Question: Have you taken the Myers Briggs test? Would you mind sharing the result/s? My Friend’s Answer: Yes I already did take that test, the results stated that, â€Å"I am a slightly expressed introvert, that I have a slightly expressed sensing personality, a slightly expressed thinking personality, and a slightly expressed judging personality† (Humanmetrics, 2008). â€Å"According to the test, it means that I am an introvert, not sensible, not a thinker, and quite judging† (White, 2008). My Response: Yes, I took that test as well and the results were the following, â€Å"I am a slightly expressed extrovert, a slightly expressed sensing personality, a slightly expressed thinking personality, and a slightly expressed judging personality† (Humanmetrics, 2008). Simply put, it means that, I am an extravert somehow, not sensible, a bit of a thinker, and not a judging person (Humanmetrics, 2008). 4) Question: Do you feel that the Myers Briggs test results are accurate? Why/Why not? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"For me, it was not accurate as the results did not actually match with my personality† (White, 2008). My Response: I can only agree with the interviewee’s claim. Mine did not match my personality as well. 5) Question: Which experiences do you feel contributed most in the development of your personality? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"There are times when I am exceedingly impatient. There are also times when I would lash out at other people. I get irritated easily and get mad over trivial issues† (White, 2008). â€Å"Such personality of mine developed because I grew up with a terrible and violent grandfather, who actually lived with us for quite some time† (White, 2008). â€Å"I have witnessed how she would yell at my mom (his daughter) if money is being discussed about, for instance if he asks from her and my mom says no because she knows that the money will only be spent at the casino and other forms of gambling† (White, 2008). â€Å"When I was young, I even saw him hit my mother and my elder sister† (White, 2008). â€Å"When he lost his job, he began to borrow money from all sorts of people, and when he was not able to pay, these people pressed charges and that was also when he showed more aggression to everyone around him including my parents, sister, brother, and I (White, 2008). â€Å"This is why I turned emotionally unstable; there are times when I am extremely nervous and easily frustrated† (Meyers, 2004). The aforementioned experiences made me â€Å"disagreeable†, meaning, â€Å"ruthless, irritable, as well as, uncooperative† (Ticao, 2001). â€Å"Not to mention, the fact that I don’t seem to have enough drive and discipline; I felt hopeless about life every time I remember my grandfather† (White, 2008). My Response: I have encountered violence in my home as I grew up as well. But I never let myself get too engaged with such a negative occurrence. I did not allow myself to feel exceedingly fearful of such happenings. Lucky, I had the â€Å"ability to make a coping response†, if not I will probably become aggressive, impatient, irritable, uncertain, etc as well (Ticao, 2001). What I actually did was to make myself avoid thinking about my dark past and move on to the brighter side of everything. 6) Question: Do you feel that you are self-monitoring when it comes to attitude? How or how not? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I believe that I am not self-monitoring, this is because, I am sure that I won’t have a terrible personality and set of attitudes if I was actually one† (White, 2008). I could have watched myself better, regulated or controlled myself, and became a better individual if I only became self-monitoring† (White, 2008). My Response: I have always been monitoring myself. I weigh things, reflect on whatever happened to me, and learn from it. I use my experiences instead to do something about myself and avoid turning into a terrible individual. 7) Question: What was the strongest influence to your attitude? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I believe that the person who played a large role in molding the attitude/s that I possess now is my grandfather† (White, 2008). My Response: For me, all the people who showed aggression towards me played a role in who I am today and in what attitudes I now possess. I owe it to them how courageous and strong I am now. I have learned so much because of them. For instance, I am disciplined, driven, and motivated to improve the standards of my life because of the negative experiences that I have been faced with. 8) Question: What role does a person’s race, gender, or ethnicity play when forming that person’s personality and attitudes? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I believe that the aforementioned elements may have an effect on one’s personality and attitude† (Carson et. al., 1992). â€Å"For example, we all know that observing the behaviors of a particular race, gender, and ethnicity will already affect one’s attitude through what is known as â€Å"observational learning† (Carson et. al., 1992). Merely observing will infuse an attitude to the observer (Carson et. al., 1992). My Response: I feel that because the elements are stereo-typing inclined then it really means that it has the capability of affecting one’s personality/attitude (Carson et. al., 1992). 9) Question: Do you feel that you are better at tasks which are intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated? My Friend’s Answer: â€Å"I am not driven to carry out things. In fact, there are times when I do it only for the money; thus I am extrinsically motivated† (Brophy, 1998). My Response: I am just the opposite though, I do things without anything in exchange (Morris et. al., 2005). References Brophy, J. (1998). Motivation. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw-Hill. Carson, R.C. Butcher, J.N. (1992). The World of Abnormal Psychology. New York: Harper Collins. Humanmetrics. (2007). Jung Typology Test. Retrieved March 13, 2008 from http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes1.htm Meyers, D. (2004). Psychology: Seventh Edition. New York: Worth Publishers. Morris, C.G. Maisto, A.A. (2005). Psychology: An Introduction, 12th Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall. Ticao, C. J. (2001). Introduction to Psychology. Quezon City: UP Press. White, U.P. (2008). Personal Interview.    How to cite Interview about Personality, Essay examples

Organisational Efficiency And Effectiveness †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: How HRM Contributes To Organisational Efficiency And Effectiveness? Answer: Introduction The role of human resource management for the success of any organisation and sustained competitive advantage can be measured by the effectiveness and efficiency of HRM teams of organisations. An effective management system in HR has proved to be a crucial component for gaining success in business. Effective HR will always lead its employees in engagement and commitment towards organisation while enhancing their satisfactions and work performance(Nelson, 2010). Effective HRM are been taken as superior element in companys performance. Organisational efficiency depends highly on selection process for right people along with putting them at right place in order to get maximum output from their expertise. Effective HRM will always perform human resource function that brings efficiency in organisational work flow. The task of HR managers does not limit to selection and recruitment process only but to maximise the use of available resources in more strategic manner. The role HRM can be fur ther divided according to their tasks and their part of role in different divisions like employee advocate, functional expert, human capital developer, HR leader, strategic partner, etc. Every organisation has their mission and vision which can be fulfilled by focussing and directing business towards superior level of competency. This element can be achievable only if the human resource managers practices effectively and efficiently through their strategic approach in organisations management(Groenwald, 2015). Fundamentally, the essential tools in human resource practice are training, staffing and performance maintaining that gives shape to organisational function in satisfying stakeholders needs. Stakeholders are normally those who are related to the firm who wants to achieve certain elements from organisation. For example stockholders would like to reap maximum outputs, customers desiring for good quality product or service, investors will always try to get best returns and employees who desires reasonable compensation and rewards(IGWE, 2014). HRM must follow common procedures and programmes on their practices while developing teamwork among staff and managers. To foster enhanced relationship, communication breakdowns need to be eliminated while emphasising on better corporate culture. To develop constructive and conducive vocation environment, The HRM must follow theories and model available in literature that enables sound management system in organisations(Karunaratne, 2016). A comprehensive HR strategy participates vitally for achieving organisations overall objective and exemplifies the role human resource management completely. The direction or the path required for poignant of the company in strategic manner require a HR policy that supports other strategies undertaken by marketing, operational, technological and financial departments. The requirement and aim of HR mangers should capture the people element through which the organisation can hold its sustaining nature for long term. A skilled HR manager will always develop organisational strategies in effective way rather simply summarising the requirement. For this HRM inculcates 5Ps model into their system that was developed by Milded Golden, Leslie and Chris J. White to enable modelling of five major elements in organisational structure. Purpose is the first element that states organisations mission and vision along with basic strategy and targets. Principal element states guidelines or assumptions that guides business including ethics and organisational culture. Third element is Processes that represent the internal structure and procedures used by company to produce product or service. Next are People or team who perform work in consistent manner abiding organisations rules and principles in order to achieve goals. Lastly Performance includes metrics and measured results that provide support to the management for making further decisions. To bring efficiency and effectiveness, this model is highly used by HRM in order to support and reinforce quality management in organisation(Nunes, 2016). To form an efficient HR practice in organisation, the HRs needs to follow certain guidelines. The HR managers must articulate clearly about their thought and what lies behind their strategy those have never been identified earlier. In order to identify issues, people need to be motivated and get committed towards organisation so that they operate in effective style. Issues regarding workforce planning along with fair treatment and motivation requires managers to retain recruitment and motivate employees while coordinating pay and rewarding across organisation in order to make alignment in potential pay and claims. HR managers will always show its people the way in which organisation could sustain easily and for that strategically performing is required to be ensured. In effective HR management system, the managers presents practical cases before developing HR strategy so that critical thought out is made and initiative taken is recognised by value it could provide organisation. If the management gives strong reason for proposed strategies, they may gain quick acceptance from others and thus can make themselves focus on good management performance. This strategy also brings in tendency for quick win and proves motivational for HRMs. On the other hand, encouraging present strategies is equally important and also needs to be considered simultaneously. Implementation of newer strategies generally is required during the times when companies make new acquisition or mergers and thus require initiating opportunities for accompanying HR strategy(Yusoff, 2009). In the year 1970, Evans Martin developed contingency theory for HRM that incorporates four basic characters in leaders. Those characteristics are participative, supportive, achievement and directive . This theory is immensely used by HR practitioners since this theory helps them to fit their component in business strategy while determining their participating style. This theory also suggests managers about ways in which motivation and performance boosting can be done for increasing effectiveness in workplace. Since this theory increases workers efficiency, the progress in work environment is visible and communication process is facilitated. A skilful management system provides employees improvement by satisfying them in their job field which is possible only if they are guided with clued-up managers(Anzalone, 2017). According to Harvard model in HRM, the framework that is required to consider central activity for developing HRM policy among employee is by resolving personal management problems. With changing demands of customer and emerging of newer technologies, meeting stakeholders demand has become difficult to achieve. The Harvard theoretical model has got features that keep alignment between managers responsibilities and competitive strategies of organisation. Mission of HRM policy keeps human activities in shape by giving them rewards and appraisals while recognising their work progress. Characteristics of Harvard Model such as relationship maintenance between shareholders, Stakeholders interest development, managing employees, adapting government regulations and developing workforce after analysing situational factors in systematic manner helps HRM achieve their success in tactful manner(Agyepong, 2010). With changing time, the role of HRM have become critical as they are not considered for managing work only but controlling human capital and process also. An efficient manager will always look at the complexities and challenges while meeting demands of businesses that can be in term of competition between foreign markets, emergence of technology, inculcating scientific researches or making major organisational change(Juan). As a result, the task of HRM becomes competent and challenging while executing business strategy and making match with available resources and human capital. Strategic decisions made shall consider training and development processes so that any new change of introduction is inculcated without much difficulty. Human capital theory encourages people to develop their ability and skill to enhance organisational potential and significance. Employees skill and knowledge will increase the economic value of organisation since efficient work of employees will help achievin g organisations outcomes in effective method(Vigneshwaran, 2008). Conclusion The human resource management suggests people about strategies and ways in which business resources can be managed. There are various functions performed by HR managers and thus HR professional are sometimes considered as consultants also. They are the advisories of managements and at the time of issues relating people or employees, HRM departments are approached. For example HR professionals advise management and supervisors about the process they could assign new employees or make placements for present employees according to their skill. Thereby HR managers help organisation adapt with the environment successfully while conducting functions on the basis of employees preferences(Shafer, 1998). Thus overall efficiency in workflow is enhanced by recognising potentiality of employees. By suggesting strategies for increasing dedication of employees toward organisation begins by recruiting or making match with right person to right job and thus effectiveness is build. Once the employees are placed according to their capabilities and qualifications, they feel challenging to compete and thus becomes motivated to outshine others(Bianca, 2017). HRM teams are solely responsible for gaining effectiveness and efficiency in organisation and to build such HRM team is not an easy task for organisation. On concluding note it can be said that to maintain work efficiency and effectiveness is fundamental role of HR team and to consider it has became important for organisations as they depend highly on them. References Agyepong, F. D. (2010). The applicability of the Harvard and Warwick models in the development of human resource management policies of large construction companies in Ghana. Retrieved from https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/dspace-jspui/bitstream/2134/11549/8/The%20Applicability%20of%20the%20Harvard%20and%20Warwick%20Models.pdf Anzalone, C. (2017). Structural Contingency Theory in Human Resources. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/structural-contingency-theory-human-resources-38519.html Bianca, A. (2017). The Role of Human Resource Management in Organizations. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/role-human-resource-management-organizations-21077.html Groenwald, J. (2015). Human Resource Management and Organizational Effectiveness. Retrieved from https://www.simplexpayroll.com/blog/2015/12/human-resource-management-and-organizational-effectiveness-2/ IGWE, J. U. (2014). Effective Human Resource Management As Tool For Organizational Success. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/9978194/Effective_Human_Resource_Management_As_Tool_For_Organizational_Success Juan, L. (n.d.). HR discretion: understanding line managers role in Human Resource Management. Retrieved from https://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/wbs/research/irru/publications/recentconf/juan_-_edw_-_lest.pdf Karunaratne, V. (2016). The Human Resources Management Practices -Models and Theories. Retrieved from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/human-resources-management-practices-models-theories-karunaratne Nelson, J. (2010). HR Focus Efficiency and Effectiveness. Retrieved from https://www.yourhrremedy.com/news/?p=18 Nunes, P. (2016). 5 P's Model Concepts. Retrieved from https://knoow.net/en/economics-business/management/5-p-model/ Shafer, L. D. (1998). From Human Resource Strategy to Organizational Effectiveness: Lessons from Research on Organizational Agility. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124context=cahrswp Vigneshwaran. (2008). Human Capital Management Theory. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/15580524/Human-Capital-Management-Theory Yusoff, H. S. (2009). HR Roles Effectiveness and HR Contributions Effectiveness: Comparing Evidence from HR and Line Managers. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41890942_HR_Roles_Effectiveness_and_HR_Contributions_Effectiveness_Comparing_Evidence_from_HR_and_Line_Managers